Este artículo esboza una suerte de impresión diagnóstica de la figura del filósofo. Aunque esta tarea pueda convocar a otras ramas del conocimiento humano, no constituye un estudio psicológico de personalidad ni mucho menos la propuesta para una nueva nosología. Si bien para el tema resulta inevitable señalar el conjunto cualitativo de rasgos, tendencias afectivas y disposiciones corporales usualmente asociados al filósofo, el desarrollo procura apegarse al terreno propiamente filosófico y, al principio, arrancarlo desde una perspectiva literaria. Si se habla (...) de diagnosis, se hace en un sentido figurado más que clínico. Si se habla de especie, es desde la lógica aristotélica. Y para responder a la pregunta cómo es un filósofo, de entre todos sus exponentes, Nietzsche se erige como la principal guía, ya que fue él quien resumió con un adjetivo, de gran polivalencia metafórica, cómo es, cómo ha de ser, un filósofo: un intempestivo. (shrink)

Resumen: Una de las nociones más controvertidas dentro de las interpretaciones contemporáneas de la Crítica de la facultad de juzgar, es la de “sentido común”. Junto a éste, Kant propuso un nuevo modelo de validez normativa calificada como “ejemplar”, cuyo planteamiento resulta bastante problemático. El presente artículo propone una lectura y una interpretación de este tipo de validez, a partir de la reactualización realizada por Alessandro Ferrara, y desde el horizonte de la tradición retórica, representada por Aristóteles Con ello se (...) espera un mejor entendimiento del problema en cuestión, y al mismo tiempo, se pretende hacer mucho más comprensibles las posibilidades que Alessandro Ferrara le atribuye a esta forma de la normatividad.: One of the most controversial notions in contemporary interpretations of the Critique of judgment is that of common sense. Along with it, Kant proposed a new model of normative validity called exemplary, whose approach is quite problematic. This article proposes a reading and an interpretation of this type of validity, based on the reinterpretation carried out by Alessandro Ferrara and from the point of view of the rhetorical tradition as represented by Aristotle. It intends to achieve an improved understanding of the problem in question and, at the same time, to make much more understandable the possibilities that Alessandro Ferrara attributes to this form of normativity. (shrink)

Constituye un lugar común en la filosofía de Kant, reducir el papel del cuerpoal aporte que las intuiciones sensibles ofrecen para el conocimiento fenoménico.Otro lugar común lo constituyen las restricciones que para con éstos,se establecen dentro de la filosofía moral. Desde ambos horizontes lasfunciones tanto de la sensibilidad como de la corporalidad, se presentancomo subordinadas, bien al entendimiento teórico, bien a la razón práctica.El propósito de este artículo está destinado a señalar el rol de primer ordenque ambas facultades, poseen para (...) la comprensión del todo de la existenciahumana. Para ello, ciertas consideraciones kantianas ofrecidas en su Antropologíaen sentido pragmático, como en su estética filosófica, resultan reveladorasdel alto valor que ambos fenómenos tienen para su filosofía. (shrink)

The forward convergence constraint is important to time analysis. Without it, given two future moments to the same point, the time branches. This is unacceptable if one assumes that time is linear. Nevertheless, one may wish to consider time-branching in order to discuss future possibilities. One can have both a linear order for the time and branching through the combination of the tense logic semantics with those of an alethic logic which allows the evaluation of the timelines of other possible (...) worlds. In this paper, I give the semantics and the tableaux systems for some alethic-tense logics. I review one in which worlds differ on their time orders, another in which they agree on the time order, a pair of conditional tense logics ), and the first-order version of MT. A brief philosophical discussion arises from every system. (shrink)

El paradigma del Juicio constituye un modelo de racionalidad que pretende elevarse como alternativa positiva ante los retos coyunturales introducidos por el giro lingüístico de la filosofía en el pensamiento contemporáneo. Frente a la difícil tarea de defender principios universalistas en la cultura actual, este modelo aspira a pronunciarse positivamente sobre cuestiones tales como la de la validez normativa que pueda afectar las relaciones entre acción humana y deliberación. Para alcanzar su objetivo, el paradigma del Juicio patrocina una forma de (...) la normatividad sin principios (validez ejemplar), enraizada en el juicio reflexionante kantiano y en el sensus communis (sentido común) de la tradición retórico-humanista. El objetivo de este artículo es la presentación de dicho modelo de racionalidad dentro de la filosofía kantiana y, por medio de la exploración de sus antecedentes histórico-filosóficos (Gadamer), y gracias a un rodeo por la tradición retórico-humanista (Aristóteles y Vico), se busca soslayar el énfasis estético que la fundamentación de Kant acentuó. Finalmente, se pondera el alcance y pertinencia que posee dicho paradigma en la reapropiación de dos de sus intérpretes en la filosofía contemporánea: Alessandro Ferrara y Hannah Arendt. (shrink)

This paper presents philosophical perspectives related to the concept of boredom from the point of view of its forms and structural modes as developed by Martin Heidegger in his lectures at the University of Freiburg during the winter semesters of 1929 and 1930. We highlight a philosophical stance often overlooked in comparison to more traditional positions in Western philosophical thought—through the proposed hermeneutic-phenomenological processes, this will allow us to interweave their philosophical images with cinematographic narratives that enrich the factual understanding (...) of modernity. For this reason, we assume boredom and its essence, “tediousness”, as the fundamental mood of our era, thus permitting other mobilities of thought that warrant a study of phenomena relating to cultural entertainment as a symptom of the modern disease that distances Dasein from meeting, questioning, and self-care. (shrink)

The concept of well-being of rural families is part of a theory under construction in which new theoretical elements are constantly being incorporated. This research aims to determine the influence of farmers’ knowledge on the well‑being of cocoa growing families in the departments of Santander, Huila, Meta and Caquetá, Colombia. Four categories of farmers were identified with different levels of knowledge in the management of cocoa cultivation obtained through a cluster analysis. The well-being of cocoa farmers, understood as the balance (...) in the capital endowment of rural households, was obtained through the application of a semi-structured interview with 49 variables of human, cultural, social, political, natural, built, and financial capitals. The results show that cocoa knowledge is heterogeneous in the study area, with a slight improvement towards harvesting, post-harvest and transformation links. There is a positive relationship between cocoa knowledge and the well-being of cocoa farming families. Thus, producers with greater integral knowledge, with emphasis on post-harvest and bean transformation links, showed greater well-being. The Random Forest analysis identified that human capital (political, social, human, and cultural) made the greatest contribution to well-being. The findings show that cocoa knowledge contributes to the well-being of rural households to the extent that it favors vertical relationships (linkages with local governments) and horizontal relationships of producers (participation of association managers, sharing knowledge with friends, neighbors and partners, and cocoa training). (shrink)

Cacao cultivation is one of the most important livelihoods for rural households in Colombia, where it is promoted as a substitute for the illegal cultivation of coca. To strengthen Colombian cacao farming, it is important to understand the livelihood strategies associated with cacao cultivation and the impact of these different strategies on the well-being of Colombian rural households. We analyzed the impact of cacao cultivation on the livelihood strategies and well-being of rural households in western Colombia. Research with 92 rural (...) cacao-growing households produced a typology of household livelihood strategies derived from their approach to cacao production. Indicators of each household capital and level of well-being were identified for each type of households. Correlations between the capitals and the capitals of greater importance in shaping the well-being of rural households were analyzed. Three types of rural households were identified: Cacao Farmers, Diversified Farmers with Cacao, and New Cacao Farmers. Cacao farmers have the highest capitals endowments and level of well-being, followed by Diversified Farmers with Cacao, and New Cacao Farmers. The conditions of cacao cultivation in rural households result in differentiated access to resources from capitals; households with better development of the crop have consolidated greater well-being where human capital has been its major driving factor. Success of the cacao crop and its relationship with well-being of rural households depends on the convergence of different capital resources. Thus, institutional efforts to strengthen the cacao sector in Colombia must go beyond investment to establish new hectares and consider aspects such as: Strengthening the skills and knowledge of producers to improve crop management practices, Promoting the participation of household members in associations, Stimulating sensitivity to the rooting and sustainable management of the crop, and Promoting processes of technification and adaptation of the infrastructure of fermenters and dryers, which will make it possible to guarantee an adequate quality of the cacao bean. (shrink)

Under an observational, transversal, and descriptive design, the study analyze the degree of adjustment of the perceptions of fear of failure as a mediating variable of the estimated relationship between sporting commitment and the appearance of burnout in young handball players in a competitive context. The sample included a total of 479 youth category handball players selected to compete in the Spanish Regional Championships. The age range was 16 −17 years old. With regard to the years of experience variable, 85.4% (...) stated that they have more than 5 years of experience at the federated handball player level. The Spanish version of Performance Failure Appraisal Inventory, Inventory Athletes Burnout Revised, and Sport Commitment Questionnaire were used to assess fear of failure. The correlation patterns evidence that commitment is negative and significantly associated with emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and fear of failure and positively associated with reduced sense of personal accomplishment. In the standardized direct effect, negative and significant effects were observed between commitment and fear of failure, fear of failure with emotional exhaustion and depersonalization, and on the contrary, a negative and significant effect was observed between fear of failure and reduced sense of personal accomplishment. The evaluated athletes reflect a positive psychological disposition, show pride in having been selected by their territorial teams and reflect a high desire to show their sporting qualities. Despite the emergence of cognitive-emotional processes associated with fear of failure, this has been observed to protect the sense of self-fulfillment through sport effort, although it also has impacts on further emotional exhaustion and loss of value of sport effort. (shrink)

This study explores the effects of the shift to emergency remote teaching on teachers’ levels of well-being, emotions, and motivation. A total of 936 Spanish teachers participated in this nationwide survey from all educational levels, thus allowing comparison among levels, which is a novelty and strength of our study. Four aspects were explored: instructional adaptation to ERT; well-being changes and the main challenges in this regard; changes in emotions; and changes in motivation and the main factors. Importantly, we explored a (...) number of teacher characteristics for the three last aspects. Our results show that teachers felt the impact of ERT on their well-being, emotions, and motivation. Additionally, female teachers, teachers with students of low socioeconomic status, in public schools, and primary and secondary teachers were the most affected groups. This indicates that the impact of ERT differed and some populations of teachers are more at risk of suffering burnout because of ERT. (shrink)

Despite abundant evidence associating CD38 overexpression and CD4 T cell depletion in HIV infection, no causal relation has been investigated. To address this issue, a series of mechanisms are proposed, supported by evidence from different fields, by which CD38 overexpression can facilitate CD4 T cell depletion in HIV infection. According to this model, increased catalytic activity of CD38 may reduce CD4 T cells’ cytoplasmic nicotin‐amide adenine dinucleotide (NAD), leading to a chronic Warburg effect. This will reduce mitochondrial function. Simultaneously, CD38's (...) catalytic products ADPR and cADPR may be transported to the cytoplasm, where they can activate calcium channels and increase cytoplasmic Ca2+ concentrations, further altering mitochondrial integrity. These mechanisms will decrease the viability and regenerative capacity of CD4 T cells. These hypotheses can be tested experimentally, and might reveal novel therapeutic targets. (shrink)

This article is part of the period of methodological expansion, proposed by the philosopher Arturo Roig (1922-2012), in the 70's and 80's. Although the analysis of categories is rooted in the philosophical field, this expansion is made in the direction of social categories. More specifically to the categories of “civilization” and “barbarism”, both in the field of the history of ideas and in the philosophical history of Latin American liberation. First, we give different definitions and their multiple uses of category (...) in philosophy. Subsequently, we analyze the category of “human dignity”, one of the arms of the very broad anthropological a priori category, systematized by the thinker from Mendoza. Then we disaggregate the proposal of a categorical rearmament, which has among its multiple functions: the rescue, criticism, replacement, reworking and integration of categories that have been forgotten, distorted, dehistoricized and decontextualized. The categories of “civilization” and “barbarism” have generated a semantic ordering of the discursive universe in Latin America. We review different theses proposed by Roig, in the historicization of the assessment -both negative and positive- of the category “barbarism” that different thinkers in Latin America have expressed. Among them: Juan Montalvo, Domingo Faustino Sarmiento, José Hernández, Juan Bautista Alberdi, Ezequiel Martínez Estrada, among the main ones. (shrink)

Ensayaremos un philosophema KφP. El camino de la experiencia estética es un camino impropio y kinestésico, lleno de potencialidades, indeterminado, con acontecimientos sucesivos y engañosos. Nietzsche se dio cuenta de ello en Sobre la música y la palabra. De una manifiesta metafísica del arte se trata de transitar, por medio de nuestra frenética inteligencia, a una experiencia estética verdadera, superando cualquier superstición que contamine de ficciones el territorio de la phantasia, porque, como decía Heródoto (1920): αὐξομένῳ γὰρ τῷ σώματι συναύξονται (...) καὶ αἱ φρένες (pues junto con el cuerpo que crece también crecerá su mente). (shrink)

El artículo define el sentido de los conceptos de lo fantástico, lo virtual y el arte en la fenomenología de Marc Richir, y establece una interpretación y conexión entre los mismos a partir de la primera noción. En la primera parte se explora el sentido de lo fantástico, entendiéndolo como «irrealización» de dios y del sujeto a partir de la puesta en práctica de un ateísmo metodológico presente en la epojé hiperbólica, y se explora además la cercanía profunda entre esta (...) «irrealización» y lo «virtual» del «lenguaje fenomenológico». En la segunda parte se realiza una consideración de la relación entre fenomenología y arte en la obra de Richir, mostrando que en ambos casos se trata de cierto arte del buen fingir. La «irrealización» que surge con la puesta en práctica de la epojé, que Richir llama una «finta originaria, hiperbólica», será entendida como el ancestro genético de la finta teatral y filosófica. (shrink)

La selección natural ayuda a resolver el misterio de la vida pero no es aplicable para explicar la diversidad cultural. La selección natural es vista, por una parte, como un componente de la imaginación de un mundo industrial cambiante, y, por la otra, como un medio de producir diferencias en el seno de procesos sociales que son claves en la distribución de los genes humanos. La genética es intencionalmente traducida en el mundo social: se subvierte la biología y se la (...) somete a la agencia humana. Tal es una ruptura esencial que enmarca el reservorio genético en el novedoso mundo humano. Los seres humanos deliberan acerca de su condición y, al hacerlo, cooptan la naturaleza. No obstante, esto no es un proceso evidente sino que en sí mismo está infiltrado por los procesos neurológicos, una poderosa razón para mantener una visión dialéctica de la relación entre los genes y los humanos. (shrink)

Abstract: I address the issue of how pretence emerged in evolution by reviewing the (mostly negative) evidence about pretend behaviour in non-human primates, and proposing a model of the type of information processing abilities that humans had to evolve in order to be able to pretend. Non-human primates do not typically pretend: there are just a few examples of potential pretend actions mostly produced by apes. The best, but still rare, examples are produced by so-called 'enculturated' apes (reared by humans) (...) and among them specially those that have been systematically trained to use symbols (so-called 'linguistic' apes). A hypothesis that would explain the lack of pretence in apes is that they lack the mentalistic ability of theory of mind. However, in the last years apes have been demonstrated to possess relatively sophisticated social cognitive skills, some of them ontogenetically appearing in humans alongside with or even after pretend play. As a solution to the paradox, I discuss a model according to which pretence is supported by a mechanism capable of computing intentional relations with non-existing objects or properties (Intentional non-existence), as opposed to mechanisms computing intentional relations with existing, although not necessarily currently perceived, objects (Intentional availability). Apes possess the latter, which allows them to solve a variety of theory of mind tasks, but not the former, which typically prevents them from developing pretence. (shrink)

En este artículo nos proponemos exponer, a partir de los límites conceptuales encontrados a los planteamientos arqueo-genealógicos de Michel Foucault, la posibilidad de plantear, en dos momentos –arqueo-genealógico y gubernamental–, una “ética de la insubordinación reflexiva”. Es decir, una “ética de la libertad inmanente” al débil que al decir su palabra, denuncia y al denunciar cuestiona al tirano y su mundo al habar y actuar con –y por– los otros. Esta ética de la intersubjetividad planteada como una ética de la (...) insumisión concertada, crítica y deliberada, pensamos, puede derivar de ciertas “condiciones enunciativas” encontradas en las dos últimas investigaciones concernientes al “decir veraz” o el “hablar franco” expuestos en El gobierno de sí y de los otros y El coraje de la verdad. (shrink)

The purpose of the present paper is to demonstrate a series of connections in terms of concepts and subjects between Ockham and Kant’s philosophical models that may provide a comprehensive framework for their respective insights on Law. Our main thesis postulates the existence of a continuum of certain fundamental assumptions derived from Nominalist theology and enlightened rationality that contribute to the essential unity of so-called “modern thought” and how such continuity is projected in the legal domain. In this sense, we (...) suggest the need to reflect upon the tacit Nominalism underlying Kantian criticism, which, although devoid of all theological premises, reconstructs metaphysics while preserving its basic scheme. In order to do so, our starting point is a very brief reference to the similarities between their respective theories of knowledge. We go on to analyze the structure behind moral actions according to Ockham and Kant’s doctrines. Finally, we point to certain founding principles and elements common to both doctrines in the field of legal-political thought. (shrink)

A partir de una breve caracterización de las “conservadoras” sociedades primitivas —de su frontera antropológica, filosófica y religiosa con respecto a “nuestro tiempo”— y de la constatación de la paradójica naturaleza “revolucionaria” del propio mito fundador de los “progresistas” tiempos modernos —aquellos que exaltan a esos contrarios de la filosofía y del cristianismo al mismo tiempo que se disponen a consumar, por fin, la ruptura que con respecto a ellos dan por nule et non avenue—, el presente trabajo muestra cómo (...) los Estados-nación “burgueses”, y desde luego también la “filosofía” o ideología que los acompaña, entrañan como tales una violencia cuyo primer acto “filosófico” es justamente el de ocultar a la propia violencia, en la grosera simplificación que nos imponen con respecto a un asunto tan complejo y tan sutil. (shrink)

Citizenship as status implies the acknowledgment of individual rights as well as social ones. This very acceptance requires the consideration of all citizens as equal despite any personal difference and it represents an aim that is mostly dependent on the mass-media social function. The formal acknowledgment of the citizenship would be scarcely important if identity stereotypes and prejudice-based discrimination occurred during citizen's vital happenings. Today, citizenship must include the communicative dimension as part of the social integration project. Societies are every (...) day more intercultural, and media play an essential role in representing the other. As part of a Grundtvig project on intercultural education, the author conducted an experience with journalistic ethics students of the Communication School at the University of Seville. From this experience, the author reflects on multiculturalism as a necessary tool in the training of future journalists. (shrink)

Ofrecemos dos cartas inéditas entre los filósofos Manuel García Morente y Xavier Zubiri. La primera carta, escrita por el pensador giennense, viene a iluminar el itinerario de su conversión religiosa que le llevó a ordenarse sacerdote en la Iglesia católica. Dicho proceso espiritual había empezado a fraguarse el año anterior en París, durante el exilio que ambos pensadores habían compartido en la capital francesa, tras el estallido de la guerra civil española. En la segunda carta, fechada casi dos años y (...) medio después de la anterior, Zubiri dirige al pensador andaluz unas palabras entrañables en respuesta a la invitación recibida de asistir a su primera misa; una carta en la que el filósofo vasco desvela la inquebrantable amistad entre ambos pensadores, intensificada en los últimos años por la fe cristiana. (shrink)

This article shows the precritical principles of beauty in Kant’s thought, in order to understand his main contribution to the theory of beauty. This critical principles are not found in the Observations on the feeling of the beauty and sublime, but in the first and second critique which locate the feeling of pleasure and pain in the sensation faculty, instead of the Judgment, and in the Universal Nature History and the Theory of the Heavens, that considers beauty as the perfection (...) of the object given from a supreme intelligence, instead of an ideal unity brought from the reflexive judgment. (shrink)

Esta reflexión plantea la necesidad e importancia de investigar de forma más profunda una pedagogía del gusto a través del desarrollo autónomo de la autonomía, con el interés de que, mediante la contemplación de las formas bellas, pueda acercarse el individuo al desarrollo de su persona y a la vivencia de la belleza como un retorno a casa, algo que es posible si el hombre tiene la disposición de ser acogido por la belleza, pues para poder habitar en ella es (...) necesario antes preparar en nosotros el lugar donde habite. Cuando el hombre desarrolla su libertad expresada como autonomía del gusto, puede dar verdadera acogida a la belleza, y ella a cambio, se manifestará como lo más íntimo a su ser y le entregará el mundo que contempla como su morada. Palabras clave: Belleza. Persona. Vida interior. Libertad. Morada. (shrink)

Since at least 1945, the Franco regime conditioned its existence on the ability to adapt to the demands of the postwar Western world, in various political and social aspects. The most visible changes in the Franco regime were both the progressive disappearance of purely fascist elements and the assumption of a Catholic and anti–communist role that made the face of the Regime more affable, which corresponded to a rapprochement with the recent American ally. However, these transformations must be seen in (...) a broader context, encompassing a historiographic perspective that gives them full meaning. The thesis defended here is that the economic–political line that Francoism followed, especially from the 50s was legitimized by a concrete discourse –hegemonic in the Western part of Europe– which is based on an hegemonic vision: the history of cold war economic liberalism, as well as the idea of ​​modernization that derives from it. (shrink)